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Musings from the Public Domain
by Scott Sharkey
23 May 2012 at 5:47pm

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1UP COVER STORY

1UP COVER STORY | WEEK OF MAY 21 | WHAT IF?

Musings from the Public Domain Cover Story: A view from a world where the "Mickey Mouse" copyright extension act never became law.

T

he spring release season is now fully upon us, and with it comes the usual trickle of new IPs and a torrent of sequels to comparatively recent franchises. The biggest deal of the season, however, has to be the absolute flood of Lord of the Rings: Return of the King games and films. A&E's blockbuster LotR miniseries is finally moving on to its conclusion, and It's pretty much impossible to visit a flash game portal without tripping over a Minas Tirith tower defense game. Meanwhile, Rockstar's open world take on Rebel Without a Cause has emerged as the definitive reimagining of the flick even against all the major studio remakes, to say nothing of the glut of halfassed student films. Finally, Edmund McMillan's deeply unsettling take on Lolita as a dungeon crawler played from the point of view of the title character is still looking for a bold enough publisher despite sweeping this year's IGF awards.

That's just a small sample of a motley assemblage of games that all have one thing in common: They're all based on properties that entered the public domain this year. The yearly rollout of old properties, both celebrated and obscure, has long since become something we've taken for granted. We even make a point of taking a annual look at what will be emerging from the copyright cage once we're done breaking all our new year's resolutions, and we barely bat an eye when we're treated to a glut of weird furry Lady and the Tramp dating sims. Geeks around the world are already anticipating next year's Superman revival, or dreading his inevitable crossover appearance in every other comic in existence. It's so much a part of the culture at this point that it's easy to overlook the fact that it can all be traced back to a single momentous decision.

We certainly wouldn't be seeing so many films and TV shows based on Sherlock Holmes if the character were still the IP of a single publisher, and we sure as hell wouldn't be seeing him fight Dracula quite so often.



The Nintendo Play Station: A Retrospective
by Jeremy Parish
23 May 2012 at 4:52pm

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1UP COVER STORY

1UP COVER STORY | WEEK OF MAY 21 | WHAT IF?

The Nintendo Play Station: A Retrospective Cover Story: As Nintendo and Sony prepare to announce the Play Station 4 at E3, we remember the console that set the stage for modern gaming.

A

s we gear up for E3 2012, the biggest announcement expected to come out of the L.A. Convention Center this year is the latest generation of gaming's console goliath, the Play Station 4. Based on early reports from trusted third-party developers and info leaks from Chinese parts suppliers, the PS4 seems a given -- and with its arrival, the continued dominance of the games industry by joint Sony/Nintendo venture Taido should be a lock as well.

With the PS4 right around the corner, now is as good a time as any to look back at the history of the Play Station family and how two Japanese giants teamed up to put an entire medium in a 20-year hammerlock.



Diablo III Sales Bode Well for PC Games, Poorly for Always-Online Haters
by Chris Pereira
23 May 2012 at 4:31pm

Diablo III was expected to do well, but with so many factors to take into account -- competition from Torchlight II, an always-online requirement, and complaints about a supposedly dumbed-down skill system and colorful art style -- it was hard to say for sure exactly how well it would do. It turns out it did tremendously well; Blizzard has announced the long-awaited sequel has already broken sales records, something the folks over at Activision are pretty accustomed to thanks to Call of Duty. However, Diablo's success may have more far-reaching effects than simply ensuring Blizzard and company are flush with cash.

More than 3.5 million copies of the game were sold in its first 24 hours of availability, according to Blizzard. This figure does not include the freebie digital versions handed out to those who signed up for the World of Warcraft Annual Pass. Over 1.2 million people took advantage of that offer, bringing the total number of gamers with a copy of the game on launch day up to 4.7 million, good enough to make it the "biggest PC game launch in history." After the first week, that figure now sits at 6.3 million.



What If Shigeru Miyamoto Had Become a Manga Artist?
by Kat Bailey
23 May 2012 at 10:29am

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1UP COVER STORY

1UP COVER STORY | WEEK OF MAY 21 | WHAT IF?

What If Shigeru Miyamoto Had Become a Manga Artist? Cover Story: A timeline from an alternative universe where gaming lacks input from one of its most prolific creators.

I

t's kind of a fascinating story really. Shigeru Miyamoto, maybe the most influential designer ever, had little interest in videogames until the late 1970s, when he played Space Invaders. Up until that point, he had wanted to be a manga artist. Well, what if he had followed his original dream and done just that? What would have happened to Nintendo? Or videogames in general? Here's one possible timeline.

1979 -- Miyamoto the Manga Artist: Shigeru Miyamoto graduates from the Kanazawa Munici College of Industrial Arts and Crafts. Because Miyamoto's father is a friend of Hiroshi Yamauchi, he soon receives an offer to work for Nintendo. But Miyamoto is something of a free spirit, and he has little interest in videogames. He decides instead to pursue a career as as manga artist.



Does One Award Warrant a Game of the Year Edition for Dead Island?
by Chris Pereira
22 May 2012 at 5:19pm

Dead Island is set to be re-released in a Game of the Year Edition package next month, a fact that is the source of some complaints. It's not so much that the game is being bundled with its DLC that is the problem; it's the labeling of the game as Game of the Year, a title which many feel it is not deserving of.

It is completely understandable why a publisher would want a game re-release to be positioned as a "Game of the Year Edition." That title carries with it a certain connotation of quality, that it was among the very best, if not the best, games released during the year it originally came out. Game of the Year Editions are commonly associated with the likes of Morrowind, Oblivion, Fallout 3, Red Dead Redemption, and other critically acclaimed games. There is a certain expectation that a GotY Edition consists of a terrific game and bonus content (be it downloadable content or expansion packs) that early adopters had to pay extra for, with all of this often coming at a sub-$60 price.



What If the Cost of Games Continued to Rise Since the '80s?
by Marty Sliva
22 May 2012 at 5:07pm

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1UP COVER STORY

1UP COVER STORY | WEEK OF MAY 21 | WHAT IF?

What If the Cost of Games Continued to Rise Since the '80s? Cover Story: A sad look at a hobby that became too damn expensive.

December 12, 1985

You'll never guess what I got for my birthday! I woke up this morning, walked into the living room, and saw Dad playing Nintendo in front of the TV! He was having trouble with the first level of Mario, so I sat down and helped him jump over the pits until we got to the flagpole at the end. After that, we brought out the Zapper and played Duck Hunt until dinner time. Mom got kinda mad at Dad for buying something so expensive, but he told her that my birthday only comes once a year.



What If the 1993 Video Game Violence Hearings Resulted in Government Censorship?
by 1UP Staff
22 May 2012 at 3:30pm

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1UP COVER STORY

1UP COVER STORY | WEEK OF MAY 21 | WHAT IF?

What If the 1993 Video Game Violence Hearings Resulted in Government Censorship? Cover Story: Peer into a dark and twisted present we'll (thankfully) never know.

I

n late 1993, state senators and certified oldsters Joseph Lieberman and Herb Khol got a whiff of this whole "video games" thing and decided to use their unholy powers to investigate the issue. While our friends in Germany and Australia often find amazing games banned outright or plagued with hilariously conspicuous censorship, we Americans escaped with a barely perceptible slap on the wrists thanks to the efforts of testifying industry vets who actually knew the subject at hand. But one can only wonder what the '90s gaming landscape (and beyond) would have looked like if the iron fist of government oppression punched the living daylights out of our beloved hobby...



Book Review: Exploring Video Gaming's Near-Death with "1983"
by Jeremy Parish
22 May 2012 at 2:18pm

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1UP COVER STORY

1UP COVER STORY | WEEK OF MAY 21 | WHAT IF?

Book Review: Exploring Video Gaming's Near-Death with "1983" Cover Story: Thirty years ago, video games almost died. We examine the possibilities.

W

ith his latest book, 1983, game journalist and historian Chris Kohler has chosen to take a slightly different tack then he employed for his massive treatise Power Up: How America Gave Video Games an Extra Life a few years back. Rather than approaching the topic of video games from a wide-ranging, all-inclusive perspective, Kohler instead drills down here into a single crucial moment in time for the young medium: The near-crash of the industry in year 1983.

Despite the Orwellian overtones of the title Kohler has selected for his work, there's nothing ominous about the story contained herein -- perhaps, except, the idea that video gaming could have been snuffed out entirely a mere decade after Pong's debut. A combination of gold-rush greed, incompetence, and '80s corporate culture nearly suffocated the fledging entertainment medium just as it was hitting its stride. The Warner corporation's eagerness to cash in on their purchase of Atari, combined with the influx of low-quality, externally developed 2600 games after Activision broke away to become the first third-party developer, nearly buried the industry beneath a deluge of self-cannibalizing mediocrity.



Breaking the Illusion: Not Playing by the Rules
by Chris Pereira
21 May 2012 at 7:07pm

I like to play games in what I imagine is an unusual manner, or at least I thought this to be the case until 1UP members revealed they share some of my habits. One of these things, my propensity for systematically exploring an area before moving on, has reared its head in particularly noticeable fashion as I make my way through Max Payne 3. Playing in this way was clearly something the game's designers accounted for, as evidenced by the collectables scattered throughout, and yet it feels almost as if I'm being punished for deciding to be a completionist.

My process for approaching each area in Max Payne 3 follows the same pattern, only being altered if I'm low on health and out of painkillers (health packs in Max Payne's world). I kill everyone and then proceed to sweep over the entire room, seeking out any hidden spots or areas which do not appear to lead to the next area. As I make my way from one combat area to the next, I'm mindful of my surroundings and am sure to double back to check behind staircases and to see which doors can be opened. I do this all while searching for golden gun components, painkillers, and clues which can be examined. The latter can fill in the backstory but is hardly needed to get the gist of the narrative. I'm able to comfortably do this because there is no ticking clock, even if what Max is doing at any given time suggests there should be, and because enemies come in limited numbers and only in certain areas.



What If?: Gaming's Alternate Realities
by 1UP Staff
21 May 2012 at 6:27pm

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1UP COVER STORY

1UP COVER STORY | WEEK OF MAY 21 | WHAT IF?

What If?: Gaming's Alternate Realities 1UP explores what might have happened had video game history gone differently.

People love to look back at the past and ask, "What if things had gone differently?" Navel-gazing at history spans cultures and races. Whether it's author Harry Turtledove making a fortune by contemplating how differently the American Civil War would have gone if someone had time-traveled to give the Confederate Army machine guns, or the manga Konpeki No Kantai in which the Japanese navy beats up America in World War II before teaming up to kill Hitler, second-guessing ourselves seems to be human nature.

Maybe it's the competitive nature of the medium, but video gamers seem especially fond of revisiting the past and wondering about alternate outcomes. As the Three Fates in the image above suggest, games have woven a rich and complex tapestry in their mere half-century of existence -- a tapestry whose design and nature could have changed radically had things turned out differently.





Small Pink Computer

Computer Buses

Interfacing to the Personal Computer

Introduction to Interface Buses found on the personal computer. What makes up a PC interface, with descriptions of each of the common buses found on a modern PC. Links are included to provide more technical information and signal assignments [pin-outs] if additional detail is required.The text also identifies which buses or interfaces are new and which interfaces are older or should be replaced. Also what to look for when purchasing a new computer and which interfaces to avoid.

Introduction

There are three general classes of interfaces used with a Personal Computer. Cable Buses which are found on the out-side of the computer case. Expansion Buses which are located inside the PC case. Motherboard Buses which are local to the motherboard itself are the third type of computer bus.

The user accessible connectors at the rear of the PC case are color coded to differentiate the many functions or interfaces available . Except for the audio output jacks which provide left and right speaker connections, all the different interfaces use a completely unique style of connector making it all but impossible to connect the wrong peripheral device into the incorrect mating connector. By default most of the user accessible connections at the rear of the PC accommodate cable interfaces, note the different colored rear panel connectors in the graphic of the PC chassis below.

Cable Buses

PC Rear Panel
The external connections to the computer are all most all cable interfaces. The picture to the left shows the back panel of a typical Personal Computer [PC]. The rear I/O panel contains most of available interfaces on the PC. However many computers also put interfaces on the front of the computer as well. Typically though in most cases the front panel interfaces are either USB or Firewire and do not require color coding, because the connectors are keyed to inhibit mis-connection.

Serial Port

Although not part of this computer [to the left], the most common serial interface used
RS232
with the PC is the RS232 bus. The normal serial port is a 9-pin 'D' style connector [Signal Assignments]. The RS232 interface is in decline and may no longer be found on newer computers. Many new computers just rely on the USB interface or the PS2 circular DIN connector [depicted in green on the I/O panel] as a mouse port. The keyboard interface is the purple circular DIN next to the PS2 connector. Refer to this page for a more technical description of the EIA-232 Bus. Note the other common name is a 9-pin Dsub connector, or just RS232 connector [male or female].This Knol addresses The Disappearing Serial Interface [RS232].

Parallel Port

The primary function of the parallel port was as a printer port. The printer port is visible in both the computer back panel [above] and mother board [shown below] as the long red connector.
DB25 Cable
The original parallel port was also called the Centronics Interface because of the company that made the style of connector used with the cable part of the interface. However around 1995 a new interface called the IEEE-1284 was introduced on new systems. The IEEE-1284 used the same 25-pin connector on the PC side that the Centronics had used and was backward compatible. By 2005 the parallel port [also called an LPT port] had all but disappeared from many newer systems. Many new printers come with a USB or Ethernet network port and have dropped the LPT port altogether. However; the long purple connector on the I/O panel above is a Parallel Port.

COM Port

RJ-45 Connector
The Communication Port [COM Port] may be either a phone jack or Ethernet port. Older PC's will have a built in phone jack and may have an Ethernet jack added via an expansion card, while newer PCs will have a built in Ethernet port. Note, the term COM Port originated to refer to an RS232 like port, as in COM 1 and COM 2; however, in this case is being used to refer to an Ethernet port. A phone jack [RJ11] connector will have six pins, while a Ethernet jack [RJ45] will have eight pins, or four pairs of wires [Telcom Connector Manufacturers]. Dial up will use an RJ11 connector, while Ethernet or a cable modem will use the RJ45 style connector. The RJ11 and RJ45 connectors appear identical, but have a different number of pins or connections.

Universal Serial Bus

USB Thumb Drive
The Universal Serial Bus [USB] is the primary cabling bus used in main stream computers. The USB interface is used for almost everything that could plug into a computer. An external Hard
USB Floppy
Disk Drive [or floppy drive] are mainly interfaced with a USB cable. Newer Printers will use USB, Web Cams and any other device that requires external power. If you happen to be running Windows Vista you can plug in a USB thumb drive to add permanent memory to your computer. Of course, the USB thumb drive is the most commonly used USB interface to replace the Floppy drive and add removable memory to your computer. However, it is possible to purchase an external floppy drive which interfaces to the PC via a USB cable. Keep in mind that a USB floppy drive still operates at the speed of the disk drive, and not at the speed of the USB interface [the mechanical drive is the issue].

Video Interfaces

HD Graphics and TV Tuner Card[1]
The current video interface in use is called the Digital Video Interface [DVI]. Two pairs of DVI connectors are shown on the PC back panel above [white connectors]. This particular example includes two video cards each with a pair of
DVI Connector Styles
DVI connectors. How ever it's also common for a video card to include one DVI connector and one Video Graphics Adaptor [VGA] connector [really SVGA]. An SVGA connector, which is an up-grade to the original VGA connector allows the PC or video card to connect to an older video monitor. An SVGA interface connector may also be found as part of the Mother Board on some low-end PCs, saving the retailer and user from the requirement of having to install an expensive Video card.

PS2 Ports

The PS2 ports on a PC are found as two circular DIN connectors on the rear I/O panel of the PC. There are normally two side-by-side connectors. One connector is used to interface the keyboard and one connector used to interface to a mouse. Both of these connectors are color coded because they are so similar. The keyboard
Serial DIN Ports

connector is color coded purple and the mouse connector is color coded green. The cables coming off either the keyboard or mouse are also color coded using the same scheme. As noted, many new devices may utilize USB interfaces, so the key board or mouse may have USB connectors at the end of the cable and not use either of the two PS-2 connectors, although they still may reside on the PC cut-out. [PS2 Graphic[2]]

Signal Assingments: Keyboard pin out, and Mouse Pinout.

Audio Interfaces

There are a number of audio interfaces on a personal computer, but three main types. The Mic/Line In, Speakers, and in some cases an S/PDIF interface. Each interface is color coded to insure that the correct cable is input to
PC Sound Card
the correct connector. The cable end will be color coded the same as connector on the PC I/O panel. The analog microphone input is color coded with Pink. The analog Line Input interface is coded light blue. The main Audio Line Out connector to the front speakers is coded lime green. The Audio Line Out connector for the Left/Right speakers is coded dark brown. A Line Out line for a subwoofer is coded orange. Although not that common on the back of a PC, a Musical Instrument Digital Interface [MIDI] port will be color coded as gold. A MIDI [game] port is much more common on the panel of a video or audio expansion card [MIDI Port pinout]. Note the color coding for each of the audio connectors on the audio expansion card to the right, which help to insure that the connections are made correclty [Sound Blaster Audio Card Graphic[3]].
An S/PDIF connection is very common on many PCs to trasmit digital audio and may be found as either an electrical connection [RCA cable] or an optical connection [TOSLINK]. Because S/PDIF is a single line [electrical or optical] there is no pinout for this interface.

Hard Drive Interface

IDE Cable Diagram
The connector interface for the PC's Hard Disk Drive [HDD] is located on the motherboard, normally in the form of a shrouded dual pin header. The headers are usually located near the card edge of motherboard. In the example motherboard below the HDD connection points are the two blue headers, bottom center of the MoBo. That particular mother board shows connections for the older style of disk drive interface known as IDE [ATA Description]. While the 'red' mother board graphic just below that shows the newer and faster drive interface called Serial ATA [SATA Description]. The chart under the heading 'Bus Upgrades' shows the differences in speed between the two HDD interfaces.
As reference a graph of Google search trends is provided showing the decline in 'IDE' searches between 2004 and 2010. The last version of the IDE standard was released in 2005, while the SATA interface standard was released in 2001. Unfortunately the term IDE is short so other phrases may be using the same three letters to signify something other than a hard drive bus.

Expansion Buses

PC Expansion Bus, as the term implies, is a bus that expands the Personal Computer's internal interface bus. The PC Expansion buses are used to add addition PC cards to the system. These interfaces reside on the motherboard and appear as card slots.

The common reference to a PC Expansion bus refers to expanding to, or adding functionality to the normal internal computer bus. So the term PC Expansion Bus refers to the additional expansion bus slot residing on the PC's Motherboard.

Most motherboards produced will contain Expansion slots, or connectors to accept additional cards to enhance the computers functionality. However, the type of expansion slot will vary depending on the age or function of the motherboard. Check the product specifications to determine the type and number of expansion slots.

Computer motherboards produced in 2005 have a combination of PC Expansion buses, with 1 or 2 connector slots using PCIe for Video cards, and 2 to 4 slots for a PCI Boards. The PCI interface has been around for a number of years and has a larger base than PCIe. There are many PCI cards that have been developed to provide a number of functions, while low end PCIe cards are just now coming out [because the motherboards don't have PCIe 1x slots].

Personal Computer Mother-Board

PCI Interface

The Peripheral Component Interface [PCI] slot is used as a general purpose expansion slot used on almost all motherboards produced in the last ten years. Four PCI expansion slots are shown in the computer motherboard picture to the left, as four vertical white connectors. The PCI expansion slot can still be found next to the more current PCIe slot on motherboards currently be shipped.

AGP Interface

The Accelerated Graphics Port [AGP] slot is used to accept a Video card. The AGP expansion slot is an enhanced version of a PCI bus developed specifically as a video interface. The single brown connector in the center of the motherboard graphic is an AGP interface. Most new PCs shipped no longer contain an AGP slot which have now been replaced by the PCIe interface [below]. However; AGP cards are still widely used in the up-grade market. The latest revision of the AGP interface is revision 3.0 or AGP 8x [as of 2002]. Note that rev 3.0 will be the last and final upgrade to the AGP specification. The AGP standard is out-dated.

PCIe Interface

PCIe Expansion Slot
The Peripheral Component Interface Express [PCIe] interface is the newest addition to the personal computer. PCIe is the fastest expansion slot added to the PC to date. There are two main flavors of PCIe, a 1x PCIe slot is designed to provide pretty much any card function that comes to mind; for instance, TV Tuner, USB ports, RS232 interfaces and so on. The second type is the 16x PCIe interface and is used almost exclusively as a video interface for the computer. A modern mother board picture[4] is shown to the left. The three white connectors are PCI expansion slots, while the three brown connectors just to the right are PCIe expansion slots. The small connectors are 1x PCIe and the longer one is a 16x PCIe [video] slot. As with any graphic used here, click for a larger image.

DIMM Module
Older InterfacesEven though the AGP slot is still in production, it really is an out dated bus as it was replaced by the PCIe bus. Obsolete PC Expansion Buses include the ISA bus, the EISA Bus, and the VLB bus. The three very long vertical black connectors seen on the 'first' mother board above are ISA expansion slots. Each of these interfaces were replaced by the PCI bus many years ago; however many industrial systems still use the ISA expansion bus. The three black connectors running horizontally [orange backplane] happen to be Dual Inline Memory Module [DIMM] slots for memory cards. Although it's difficult to tell what type of DIMM slot is being displayed, memory modules change as often as card expansion slots, they are certanly outdated.

Motherboard Buses

AMD Phenom Quad-Core uP Die
Buses local to the Mother Board are not accessible to the user and are used to interface the processor with the on-board chip set. These local buses are not reachable via a motherboard connector or rear panel connector. The two most notable buses in this class are the Front-side bus and the North-Bridge / South-Bridge interfaces with interconnect the microprocessor [uP], [Die graphic[5]] with its peripheral chip sets.

The Front-side bus is the main electrical interface into the micro-processor via the Northbridge. The Northbridge also interfaces to the video expansion slot
AMD 64 FX Processor
[PCIe] the on-board memory DIMM slots, and the Southbridge. The Sourthbridge connects to almost every thing else on the motherboard under uP control. The Southbridge interfaces to all the other expansion slots on the motherboard, and to what ever cabling interfaces that may be available, such as the Hard Drive [SATA], Cable [Ethernet], Audio ports, or USB interfaces. The graphic to the right is an AMD uP[6].

There have been three companies that produce uP's for personal computers; Intel, AMD and IBM. Up until a few years ago Apple computers used an IBM processor, now Apple Computer uses an Intel processor. IBM compatible PCs will use either an AMD or Intel processor.

Bus Upgrades
Disk Drive Transfer Rates by Year of Standard Release
An important point to remember about PCs in general and PC interfaces in particular is that these buses are always being upgraded or rev-ed. Each revision of an interface standard is almost always backwards compatible with the previous version with the main difference being an upgrade in speed or through-put. The point here is that an expansion port on one computer claiming a particular interface may be running faster or slower then a comparable computer advertising the same interface only because one PC is using the latest revision of the standard. For example the AGP interface was released in 1996, with revision 2.0 coming out in 1998 and then revision 3.0 following in 2002; each new release basically doubled the speed of the interface.
More importantly the USB interface is currently under going a revision upgrade, from revision 2.0 to 3.0. The original USB interface was released in 1994, and revision 2.0 being released in 2000. However the newest version of the standard was released just last year. So if possible a new computer purchased should include revision 3.0 of the USB bus, even though there are only a few products that currently support the new standard. Another year from now there will be a great number or products on the market that will support rev 3 of the USB standard. It's just like waiting for the next MS OS to be released, instead of paying another ninety dollars a few months later for the upgrade.
Of course these comments only apply to the time frame immediately surrounding the date a specification is in revision. As a general rule many of these interface standards are being updated about every three or four years. But when you account for the number of different standards and the fact that they are unrelated and do not get updated relative to one another than on any given year there could be at least one computer related specification coming out with a new revision.
Insuring that the latest bus specification is purchased does not incur the same increase in cost as purchasing the next generation CPU. The newest processor might come with a severe premium of several hundred dollars over the cost of a processor that was released just a few months prior. Normally a chip set for an interface bus costs little more than the previous generation of the interface.
Yet another new standard about to be released is the Universal Flash Storage [UFS] card. The specification is not due out until the end of 2010, and products wouldn't be available until 2011 at a minimum. Still it's a new interface that would be found on computers with Card Reader modules; however the specification is really aimed at embedded storage for cameras and cell phones [just like an SD Card].
Acronyms not defined in text: AMD; Advanced Micro Devices
DIN; Deutsches Institut fr Normung. A German national standards organization
IBM; International Business Machines
LPT; Line Print Terminal
RCA; Radio Corporation of America
S/PDIF; Sony/Philips Digital Interface
TOSLINK; TOShiba-LINK, a registered trademark of Toshiba Corporation
Many more Engineering Related Electronic Acronyms. This link is off-site..
Additional Knols related to computers;Description of Solid State Drives. [What is an SSD and do I want one] Interfacing to a Secure Digital Card. [SD Card Issues]Adding Permanent Memory via a USB Stick. [USB ReadyBoost implementation]The RS232 Interface. [RS232 Tutorial and its continuing usage decline]Generation of PC Standards. [Who controls the definition of a PC]
Helpful Links;Companies that produce Computers.Companies that produce Laptop PCs.Companies that manufacturer and sell PC Monitors.
Editor note; this text uses two graphics of AMD processors, but that does not imply support for PC's using AMD devices. It just happens that there were AMD graphics available for use in the article. Some years AMD has faster processors, while other years Intel has faster processors, it really changes every other year.
[[ct]]: Small Pink Computer

Another 3D Carousel Card, but pink

23 Dec 2006 at 2:11pm



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